# Gen 1.0 VM and its Limitations Most validity roll-ups today operate VMs built on the Gen 1.0 paradigm. Such VMs define algebraic sub-circuits for every instruction in their CPU, and the entire circuit for 1 cycle of the VM is composed of all such sub-circuits. The sub-circuits for non-algebraic operations such as Less Than, Range-Check, XOR, OR, AND etc. introduce significant overheads and are quite error-prone as they are mostly hand-designed. Additionally, they also impose restrictions on developers who have to tackle new coding paradigms arising from algebraizing non-algebraic constructs such as branches, and if-else functions. --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://arithmic-labs.gitbook.io/arithmic-documentation/gen-1.0-gen-2.0-vms-and-staking/gen-1.0-vm-and-its-limitations.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.